Narration/ Speech

Narration/ Speech(উক্তি)

•        বক্তা যাহা বলে তাকেNarration বা Speech(উক্ত)বলে।Narration দুই প্রকার-

          1. Direct Narration 2.  Indirect Narration.

1. Direct Narration: যে উক্তিতে বক্তার কথা অবিকল ব্যক্ত করা হয়, তাকে  Direct Narration বলে।

2. Indirect Narration: যে উক্তিতে বক্তার কথা অবিকল ব্যক্ত না করে তার বক্তব্য অন্যের কথায় প্রকাশ করা হয়, তাকে Indirect Narration বলে।

         Rules of Changing Persons:

1. Direct Narration এ Reported Speech এর Subject যদি 1^st person হয় তবে Indirect Narration এ Reporting verb এর Sub. এর Number ও  Person অনুযায়ী তা পরিবর্তিত হবে।

He said to me, “I have done my duty.” ­­­- He said to me that he had done his duty.

2.   Reported Speech এর Subject যদি 2nd person হয় তবে Indirect Narration এ Reporting verb এর object এর Number ও  Person অনুযায়ী তা পরিবর্তিত হবে।

He said to me, “You have done your duty.” ­­­- He said to me that I had done my duty.

        N/B:  Reporting verb এর object যদি না থাকে সেক্ষেত্রে উক্ত Sub.পরিবর্তন করে 3^rd Person করতে হবে।

3.  Reported Speech এর Subject যদি 3rd person হয়, তবে ইহার কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।

I said to you, “He has done his duty.” ­­­- I said to you that he had done his duty.

     Person পরিবর্তনের ছকঃ

Person	1	2	3	4
1st	I	Me	My	Mine
	We	Us	Our	Ours
2nd	You	You	Your	Yours
3rd	He	Him	His	His
	She	Her	Her	Hers
	They	Them	Their	Theirs

  Tense পরিবর্তনের নিয়মঃ

Reporting Verb হিসেবে say/says/will say থাকলে		Reported Speech এর tense এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না। শুধু Person পরিবর্তন হয়।
Reporting Verb past tense হলে		Reported Speech এর verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে অনুরুপ past tense হবে।
Present Indefinite		Past Indefinite.
Present Continuous		Past Continuous.
Present Perfect		Past  Perfect.
Present Perfect Continuous		Past  Perfect Continuous.
Past Indefinite		Past  Perfect.
Past Continuous		Past  Perfect Continuous.
Past  Perfect		Past  Perfect
Am/is/are	Was/Were		Was/Were	Had been
Have/has	had		Had	Had
Shall	Should		Will	would
Can	Could		Could	Could
May	Might		Might	Might
Must	Must/had to		Ought to	Ought to
This	That		Here	there
These	Those		Yesterday	The previous day
Now	then		Tomorrow	The next day
Come	go		Last time	The previous time
Today	That day		The next time	The following time
Tonight	That night		Ago	before

Assertive Sentence যুক্ত  Direct থেকে Indirect করার নিয়মঃ

Sub+ say/tell/said/told+ object যদি থাকে + Inverted Comma উঠে That বসে +Reported Speech এর Subject বসে + Verb (tense অনুযায়ী) + বাকী অংশ।

1.  Hasan said, ‘The sun rises in the east’’.

2.  He will says, “I am well’’.

3.  The teacher said that honesty is the best policy.

4.  They said to me, “you have done well.”

5.  The teacher said, “The earth moves round the sun”.

6.  Labiba said to Lubaba “Man is mortal”

7.  The boy says, “My father is working abroad”.

8.  Karim says, “I was right”.

9.  He said, “I want to go.”

10. He said, “I am reading a book.”

11. He said, “I have learnt my lesson.

12. Trina said, “I went to school.”

13. He said to me, “I did not see the boy going.”

14. He has said,” I am ready to go.”

15. He said,” I am fourteen years old.”

16 The teacher said,” Twelve months makes a year.”

17. Kabir said to me,” I was sick.”

18. He said,” I was reading a book.”

19. He said,” I shall do it,”

20.He said, ``I shall have done it.

*Reporting Verb হিসেবে say/says/has said/will say থাকলে Reported Speech এর tense এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয়  না।

* Reported Speech যদি Universal Truth/ habitual fact থাকে তাহলে tense এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না। শুধুy Inverted Comma উঠে That বসে।

* Reported Speech এ যদি Must থাকলে ‘had to’ হয়। যেমন-

  Direct: She said, ‘‘I must write a letter’’

  Indirect: She said that she had to write a letter.

·         কিন্তু চিরকালীন বাধ্যবাধকতা বুঝালে Must এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।

Interrogative Sentence যুক্ত  Direct থেকে Indirect করার নিয়মঃ

Sub+ ask/asked + object যদি থাকে + if/whether  বসে +Reported Speech এর Subject বসে + Verb (tense অনুযায়ী) + বাকী অংশ।

1.  He said to me, “Do you know me?”

2. The man said to Trina, “ What is your name?”

3. He said to me, “Is your father at home?”

4. She said to me, “ what do you want?”

5. The man said to me the boy. “When will you go home?”

6. He said to Karim, “How did he do the work?”

7. He said to me, “Are you waiting for me?”

8. The stranger said to me, “Did it not see me?

9. He said to me, “ Why do you go there? ”

10. He said to me, “When will you come?”

# Reported Speech যদি WH word(who,whom,whose,what,which,
why,where,how,etc.)  দ্বারা শুরু হয় তবে if/whether এর জায়গায় WH word  টি বসে।

Imperative Sentence যুক্ত  Direct থেকে Indirect করার নিয়মঃ

# Reporting verb টি অনুরোধ বুঝালে request,আদেশ বুঝালে  order/command,উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, অন্যথায় tell বসে।

 Sub+ request/ order/command / advise /tell/+ object যদি থাকে + Inverted Comma উঠে to বসে +Reported Speech এর মূল verb  থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

1.   He said to me, “Do the work now”.

2. Father said to me, “Go home at once”.

3.  He said to me, “Please give me a pen”.

4.   The captain said, “Soldiers, march on”.

5. He said to me, “Please give me a glass of water”.   

# Imperative Sentence টি যদি Negative হয় তবে Reporting verb এর পরে not বসে এবং তারপর to বসে।

1.  Father said to me, “Do not come here”.

2. The teacher said to the student, “Never tell a lie”.

# Let দ্বারা প্রস্তাব বুঝালে

 Sub+ propose/ proposed + Inverted Commaউঠে that  বসে + they/we + should+ Reported Speech এর মূল verb  থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

1.  He said to me, “Let us have a walk”.

2. He said to me, “Let us go out for a walk”.

* কিন্তু  Let দ্বারা প্রস্তাব না বুঝালে Reporting verb এর পরিবর্তন হয় না + Inverted Comma উঠে that বসে +

 Reporting verb এর subject পুনরায় বসে + might +  Reported Speech এর মূল verb  থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

1.  She said to me, “Let me read the story”.

2. Kamal said , “Let him say whatever he likes”. Kamal said that he might say whatever he liked.

Optative Sentence যুক্ত  Direct থেকে Indirect করার নিয়মঃ

Sub+ wish/ pray + Inverted Comma উঠে that বসে + Reported Speech এর Subject বসে + might +  মূল verb  থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

·  N/B: God/Allah থাকলে prayed হবে, অন্যথায় wished হবে।

1.  Nazmul said to Bristy, “May you be happy.”

2.  They said,” Long live are leader.”

3.  Father said to his son, “May God bless you.”

4.  He said to me, “May you be happy.”

5. The old man said, “Long live Bangladesh.”
     # Good-bye যুক্তঃ  Sub+ bade + object + good-bye  বসে।

 He said, “Good bye, my friend.”

# Good morning/ Good evening/Good night যুক্তঃ    Sub+ wish/wished + object + good morning/ good evening/good night বসে।

He said, “Good morning, Rahim.”
   # Thank you যুক্তঃ  Sub + thanked + object বসে।

He said to me, “Thank you”.

Exclamatory Sentence যুক্ত  Direct থেকে Indirect করার নিয়মঃ

Sub+ exclaim/ exclaimed with joy/ sorrow + Inverted Comma উঠে that বসে + Reported Speech এর Subject বসে + verb এর  past form বসে( a/an থাকলে বসে) + very/much/great  + adjective + বাকী অংশ যদি থাকে।

1.  The man said, “Alass! I am undone”.

2.  The girl said, “What a nice bird it is!”

3.  The girl said, “What a fool you are”.                           

4.  Nazrul said, “What charming scenery it is!

5.  He said, “What a long journey”.

6.  Trina said, “What a fool I am!”

·         N/B: What/How থাকলে very/much/great  বসে।

       Exercise

1. Hasan said, ‘The sun rises in the east’’.

    Hasan said that the sun rises in the east.

2. He will says, “I am well’’.

    He will says that he is well.

3. The teacher said that honesty is the best policy.

    The teacher said, “Honesty is the best policy’’.                                             

4. They said to me, “you have done well.”

    They said to me that I had done well.

5. The teacher said, “The earth moves round the sun”.

    The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.

6. Labiba said to Lubaba “Man is mortal”

    Labiba said to Lubaba that man is mortal.

7. The boy says, “My father is working abroad”.

    The boy says that his father is working abroad.

8. Karim says, “I was right”.

    Karim says that he was right.

9. Anwar said to them, “you were absent from the class yesterday”.        

    Anwar said to them that they had been absent from the class the previous day.

10. He said, “I want to go.”

       He said that he wanted to go.

11. He said, “I am reading a book.”

       He said that he was reading a book.

12. He said, “I have learnt my lesson.

      He said that he had learnt his lesson.

13.Trina said, “I went to school.”

     Trina said that she had gone to school.

14. He said to me, “I did not see the boy going.”

      He said to me that he had not seen the boy going.

15. He has said,” I am ready to go.”

      He has said that he is ready to go.

16. He said,” I am fourteen years old.”

      He said that he was fourteen years old.

17. The teacher said,” Twelve months makes a year,”

      The teacher said that twelve months makes a year.

18. Kabir said to me,” I was sick.”

      Kabir said to me that he had been sick.

19. He said,” I shall do it,”

      He has said that he would do it.

20. He said,” I was reading a book.”

      He said that he had been reading a book.

21. He said to me, “Do you know me?”

      He asked me if I knew him.

22.The man said to Trina,” What is your name?”

     The man asked Trina what her name was.

23. He said to me, “Is your father at home?”

      He asked me if my father was at home.

24. She said to me,” what do you want?”

      She asked me what I wanted.

25. The man said to the boy. “When will you go home?”

       The man asked the boy when he would go home.

26.  He said to me,” Why do you go there? ”

        He asked me why I went there.

27. He said to me,” Are you waiting for me?”

      He asked me if I was waiting for him.

28. The stranger said to me, “Did it not see me?

The stranger asked me if I had not seen him

29. He said to Karim, “How did he do the work?”

      He asked Karim how he had done the work.

30. Nazmul said to Bristy, “May you be happy.”

      Nazmul wished that she might be happy.

31. They said,” Long live are leader.”

      They wished that their leader might live long.

32. He said, “Good bye, my friend.”

      He bade his friend good bye.

33. He said, “Good morning, Rahim.”

      He wished Rahim good morning.

34. The old man said, “Long live Bangladesh.”

      The old man wished that Bangladesh might live long.

35. He said to me, “May you be happy.”

      He wished that I might be happy.

36. Father said to his son, “May God bless you.”

      Father prayed that God might bless his son.

37. The girl said, “What a nice bird it is!”

      The girl exclaimed with joy that it was a very nice bird.

38.  The girl said, “What a fool you are”.
      The girl exclaimed with sorrow that he was a great fool.

39. Trina said, “What a fool I am!”

      Trina exclaimed with sorrow that she was a great fool.

40. The man said, “Alass! I am undone”.

      The man exclaimed with sorrow that he was undone.

41. He said, “What a long journey”.

       He exclaimed that it was a very long journey.

42. Nazrul said, “What charming scenery it is!

      Nazrul exclaimed that it was a very charming scenery.

43. He said to me, “Let us enjoy the movie”.

      He proposed to me that they should enjoy the movie.

44. He said to me, “Do the work now”.

      He ordered me to do the work then.

45. Father said to me, “Go home at once”.

      Father ordered me to go home at once.

46. Father said to me, “Do not come here”.

      Father ordered me not to go there.

47. The captain said, “Soldiers, march on”.

       The captain ordered the soldiers to march on.

48.  He said to me, “Please give me a pen”.

       He requests me to give him a pen.

49. He said to me, “Let us have a walk”.

       He proposed to me that we should have a walk.

50. She said to me, “Let me read the story”.

       She told me that she might read the story.

51. Keats says, “A thing of beauty is a joy forever”.

      Keats says that a thing of beauty is a joy forever.

                        Md Lokman Hossain
                   B.A.(Hon’s) M.A. in English (JU)