👉Changing Sentences
Simple, Complex & Compound Sentences
Structure এর দিক থেকে Sentence তিন প্রকার-
Simple Sentence (সরল বাক্য)
Complex Sentence (জটিল বাক্য)
Compound Sentence (যৌগিক বাক্য)
Simple Sentence এর সংজ্ঞাঃ যে Sentence এ একটি মাত্র Subject ও একটি মাত্র Finite verb (সমাপিকা ক্রিয়া) থাকে, তাকে Simple Sentence বলে।
(When a Sentence contains one subject and one finite verb, it is called simple sentence)
Simple Sentence চিনিবার উপায়ঃ (For, Inspite of, instead of, by, being, to, in, lieu of, without, on, in reference to, in association with, in response to, in collaboration with, Too…..to ইত্যাদি)
He is honest inspite of his poverty.
Because of his illness, he could not attend the meeting.
Trina has a friend.
Complex Sentence এর সংজ্ঞাঃ যে Sentence এর একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Sbuordinate Clause থাকে, তাকে Complex Sentence বলে।
(When a Sentence contains one principal clause and one or more than one subordinate clause, it is called Complex Sentence)
Complex Sentence চিনিবার উপায় বা সনাক্ত করার জণ্য কিছু Word আছে, সেগুলো হলোঃ (since, as, because, though, although, who, which, that, when, while, whenever, what, whom, where, hence, whatever, if, how, unless, so that, that, till, until ইত্যাদি)
Although he is rich, he is honest.
He is so weak that he cannot walk.
When he came home, he began to work.
Wait here till my arrival.
Compound Sentence এর সংজ্ঞাঃ যদি কোন Sentence এ একাধিক Principal clause and, but, or, yet, so, therefore ইত্যাদি co-ordinative Conjunction দ্বারা যুক্ত হয় তাকে Compound Sentence বলে।
(When a sentence has more than one principal clause joined together by co-ordinating conjunction it is called compound Sentence)
Compound Sentence চিনিবার জন্য কিছু Word আছে সেগুলো হলোঃ- (and, but, or, yet, both….and, not only--- but also, either—or, neither---nor, otherwise, therefore, on the contrary ইত্যাদি)
He is poor but he is honest
Read or you will fail
We learn not only for the exam but also for the life.
Complex থেকে Simple ও Compound
Rule: 1. Since/as/because দ্বারা Complex Sentence এ কারণ ও ফলাফলের অর্থ প্রকাশ পেলে because of/for/on account of দ্বারা পরিবর্তন করে Simple Sentence করতে হয় এবং and/and so দ্বারা Compound করতে হয়। যেমনঃ-
Complex: Since he was ill, he could not go to school.
Simple: Because of his being ill, he could not go to school.
Or, He could not go to school because of his illness.
Compound: He was ill and could not go to school.
Rule: 2. Since/as/when যুক্ত clause এ শুধু be verb থাকলে being বসিয়ে Simple করতে হয় এবং and বসিয়ে Compound করতে হয়। যেমনঃ-
Complex: Since he was poor, he had to live from hand to mouth.
Simple: He being poor, had to live from hand to mouth.
Compound: He was poor and had to live from hand to mouth.
Rule: 3. Though/Although যুক্ত Complex Sentence এর though/although এর স্থলে In spite of/Despite তারপর Subject এর Possessive Adj. + verb এর সাথে ing যুক্ত করে Simple করতে হয় এবং but ব্যবহার করে Compound করতে হয়। যেমনঃ-
Complex: Although he was honest, he could not succeed in life.
Simple: In spite of his being honest, he could not succeed in life.
Compound: He was honest but could not succeed in life.
Rule: 4. When যুক্ত Complex Sentence এ আগে সংঘটিত কাজটি Present Participle (মূল verb + ing) ব্যবহার করে Simple করতে হয় এবং and দ্বারা Compound করতে হয়। যেমনঃ-
Complex: When she sold her hair, she bought a gift.
Simple: Selling her hair, she bought a gift.
Compound: She sold her hair and bought a gift.
Rule: 5. When দ্বারা সময় নির্দেশক Complex Sentence থাকলে When it is/when it was বাদ দিয়ে প্রয়োজনীয় preposition ব্যবহার করে Simple এবং and দ্বারা Compound করতে হয়। যেমনঃ-
Complex: When it was winter, we went there.
Simple: In winter, we went there.
Compound: It was winter and went there.
Rule: 6. When দ্বারা Complex Sentence এ কোন কাজ চলা বুঝালে at the time of + ing যুক্ত verb ব্যবহার করে Simple এবং and ব্যবহার করে Compound করতে হয়। যেমনঃ-
Complex: When he woke up, it was raining.
Simple: He woke up at the time of raining.
Compound: He woke up and it was raining.
Rule: 7. When দ্বারা Complex Sentence এ বয়স উল্লেখ থাকলে at/ the age of + বয়সের সংখ্যা বসিয়ে Simple এবং and দ্বারা Compound করতে হয়। যেমনঃ-
Complex: When Jerry was four years old, he came to the orphanage.
Simple: At the age of four, Jerry came to the orphanage.
Or, At four, Jerry came to the orphanage.
Compound: Jerry was four years old and came to the orphanage.
Rule: 8. If দ্বারা গঠিত Conditional Sentence টি Affirmative থাকলে by + ing-verb এবং Negative থাকলে without + ing-verb ব্যবহার করে Simple করতে হয়, তখন If clause টি Affirmative হলে and এবং Negative হলে or ব্যবহার করে Compound করতে হয়, তখন If you/If you do not বাদ যাবে। যেমনঃ-
1. Complex: If you work hard, you will succeed in life.
Simple: By working hard, you will succeed in life.
Compound: Work hard and you will succeed in life.
2. Complex: If you do not read attentively, you will cut a sorry figure in the exam.
Simple: Without reading attentively, you will cut a sorry figure in the exam.
Compound: Read attentively or you will cut a sorry figure in the exam.
Rule: 9. So that/that/in order that যুক্ত Complex Sentence কে Infinitive ‘to’ অথবা in order to + মূল verb বসিয়ে simple এবং and + want to/wanted to বসিয়ে Compound করতে হয়। যেমনঃ-
1. Complex: He went to market so that he could buy a shirt.
Simple: He went to market in order to buy a shirt.
Or, He went to market to buy a shirt.
Compound: He went to market and wanted to buy a shirt.
2. Complex: We eat that we may live.
Simple: We eat to (in order to) live.
Compound: We eat and want to live.
Rule: 10. Unless যুক্ত Complex Sentence কে without/in case of/ but for দ্বারা পরিবর্তন করে Simple এবং or ব্যবহার করে Compound করতে হয়। যেমনঃ-
1. Complex: Unless you work hard, you cannot shine in life.
Simple: Without working hard, you cannot shine in life.
Compound: Work hard or you cannot shine in life.
Rule: 11. Relative Pronoun দ্বারা Complex Sentence
a) Relative Pronoun এর পর ‘be’ verb + Adjective থাকলে সেই Adjective কে Antecedent এর পূর্বে বসিয়ে Simple করতে হয় । যেমনঃ-
Complex: I saw a man who was very old.
Simple: I saw a very old man.
b) Relative Pronoun দ্বারা Complex Sentence (who, which, that) দ্বারা যুক্ত verb টির সাধারনত Present Participle (মূল verb + ing) ব্যবহার করে Simple করতে হয় এবং And দ্বারা Compound করতে হয়। যেমনঃ-
Complex: He lived in a house which belonged to Mr. Rahman.
Simple: He lived in a house belonging to Mr. Rahman.
Compound: He lived in a house and it belonged to Mr. Rahman.
c) Relative Pronoun এর পর Passive থাকলে Past Participle Phrase ব্যবহার করে Simple করতে হয় এবং Auxiliary Verb বাদ যায় । যেমনঃ-
Complex: This is the book which is written by Mr. Azad.
Simple: This is the book written by Mr. Azad.
Compound থেকে Simple ও Complex
Rule:1. And দ্বারা যুক্ত Compound Sentence এ প্রথম Clause টি দ্বারা কারন এবং অপর Clause টি দ্বারা ফলাফল প্রকাশ পেলে Since/as/because দ্বারা Complex এবং because of দ্বারা Simple করতে হয়। কারন প্রকাশক অংশে very থাকলে too---to + মূল verb বসিয়ে simple এবং so—that বসিয়ে complex করা যেতে পারে।
Compound: He was very weak and could not go to school.
Simple: Because of his being very weak, he could not go to school.
Or, He was too weak to go to school.
Complex: Since he was very weak, he could not go to school.
Or, He was so weak that he could not go to school.
Rule:2. But যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে in spite of/despite ব্যবহার করে Simple এবং though/although ব্যবহার করে Complex করতে হয়।
Compound: He walked fast but he could not reach school in time.
Simple: In spite of walking fast, he could not reach school in time.
Complex: Although he walked fast, he could not reach school in time.
Rule:3. And যুক্ত Compound Sentence দ্বারা
(a) আগের কাজের জন্য Present participle ( মূল verb + ing) ব্যবহার করে Simple এবং When ব্যবহার করে Complex করতে হয়। যেমন:-
Compound: I closed the door and went to work.
Simple: Closing the door, I went to work.
Complex: When I closed the door, I went to work.
(b) সময় বুঝালে সময়ের আগে Preposition বসিয়ে Simple এবং when বসিয়ে Complex করতে হয়। Simple করার সময়- it is / it was বাদ যাবে। যেমন:-
Compound: It was day light and I was awakened by the sound of chopping.
Simple: At day light, I was awakened by the sound of chopping.
Complex: When it was day light, I was awakened by the sound of chopping.
(c) বয়স বুঝালে at/at the age of + বয়সের সংখ্যা বসিয়ে Simple এবং When বসিয়ে Complex করতে হয়। যেমনঃ
Compound: He was 70 years old and breathed his last.
Simple: At the age of 70, he breathed his last.
Complex: When he was 70 years old, he breathed his last.
Rule:4. And দ্বারা Compound Sentence এ আগের clause Imperative হলে by + ing যুক্ত verb ব্যবহার করে Simple এবং if you ব্যবহার করে Complex Sentence করতে হয়। যেমন:-
Compound: Work hard and you will prosper in life.
Simple: By working hard, you will prosper in life.
Complex: If you work hard, you will prosper in life.
Rule:5. Or যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে without + ing যুক্ত verb ব্যবহার করে Simple এবং If you do not ব্যবহার করে Complex করতে হয়। যেমন:-
Compound: Eat proper food or you will get attacked with various diseases.
Simple: Without eating proper food, you will get attacked with various diseases.
Complex: If you do not eat proper food, you will get attacked with various diseases.
Simple থেকে Complex ও Compound
Rule: 1. Participle দ্বারা কারণ প্রকাশ পেলে Since/As দ্বারা Complex এবং and/and so বসিয়ে Compound করতে হয়। যেমন:-
Simple: Killing the albatross, he brought bad luck to others.
Complex: As/Since he killed the albatross, he brought bad luck to others.
Compound: He killed the albatross and brought bad luck to others.
Rule:2. Being দ্বারা Simple Sentence এ কারণ প্রকাশ পেলে Since/as দ্বারা Complex এবং and দ্বারা Compound করতে হয়। অপর clause টি Present Tense being কে am/is/are এবং Past Tense হলে was/were বসাতে হয়। যেমন:-
Simple: The man, being poor, cannot buy a house.
Complex: Since the man is poor, he cannot buy a house.
Compound: The man is poor and cannot buy a house.
Rule: 3. Being যদি কোন কাজ করার সময়ের সাথে সংশ্লিষ্ট থাকে তবে when দ্বারা Complex
এবং and দ্বারা Compound করতে হয়। যেমন:-
Simple: Time, being over, we started for home.
Complex: When time was over, we started for home.
Compound: Time was over and we started for home.
Rule:4. Simple Sentence এ Too---to + মূল verb থাকলে So---that ব্যবহার করে Complex এবং and দ্বারা Compound করতে হয়। যেমনঃ-
Simple: The man is too honest to show excuse.
Complex: The man is so honest that he cannot show excuse.
Compound: The man is very honest and cannot show excuse.
Rule:5. To + মূল verb/In order to + মূল verb দ্বারা উদ্দেশ্যমূলক বাক্যকে so that/ in order that ব্যবহার করে Complex এবং and ব্যবহার করে Compound করতে হয়। যেমন:-
Simple: We should take a balanced diet to be healthy.
Complex: We should take a balanced diet so that we can be healthy.
Compound: We want to be healthy and should take a balanced diet.
Rule:6. In spite of/Despite দ্বারা Simple Sentence থাকলে though/although দ্বারা Complex এবং but দ্বারা Compound করতে হয়। যেমন:-
Simple: In spite of his being poor, he is very happy.
Complex: Though he is poor, he is very happy.
Compound: He is poor but very happy.
Rule:7. Because of/on account of/for দ্বারা যুক্ত কারণ প্রকাশক অংশের পরিবর্তে Since/As/Because + Subject + verb ব্যবহার করে Complex এবং and/and so ব্যবহার করে Compound করতে হয়। যেমন:-
Simple: Because of having riches, he can help the poor.
Complex: Since/As he has riches, he can help the poor.
Compound: He has riches and so can help the poor.
Rule:8. Subject + See/find এর পরে Pronominal object (me, us, you, him, her, them) থাকলে that ব্যবহার করে Complex এবং and ব্যবহার করে Compound করতে হয়। যেমনঃ-
Simple: I saw him reading a newspaper.
Complex: I saw that he was reading a newspaper.
Compound: He was reading a newspaper and I saw him.
Rule:9. কোন phrase দ্বারা কোন বিষয় কী’ এ অর্থ প্রকাশ পেলে what ব্যবহার করে Complex
করতে হয়। যেমন:-
Simple: I know his name.
Complex: I know what his name is.
Rule:10. Simple Sentence দ্বার চিরন্তন সত্য (Universal Truth) প্রকাশ পেলে It is + subject + Relative Pronoun + বাকী অংশ বসিয়ে Complex করতে হয়।
Simple: Health is wealth.
Complex: It is health which is wealth.
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