The Sentence

The Sentence

• A group of words which makes a complete sense is called a sentence.

পরিপূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করে এমন শব্দ সমষ্টিকে Sentence বলে।

I read a book.

The lion roars.

The cow gives us milk.

প্রত্যেক  Sentence এ মূলত দুটি অংশ আছে
 Naming part/Subject (ii) Telling part/Predicate

(i) Naming part/subject: কোন ব্যক্তি, বস্তু, প্রাণীকে উদ্দেশ্য করে কিছু বলা হয়। একে Sentence এর Subject (উদ্দেশ্য) বলে।

(ii) Telling part: এই অংশে Subject সম্বন্ধে বলা হয় তা বুঝায়। Sentence এর এ অংশকে Predicate বলে। অতএব,  Sentence এর যে অংশে subject সম্পর্কে কোন কিছু বলা হয়, সেই অংশকে Predicate বলে।

The boys of our school play football

Note: Sentence এর মধ্যে কে, কারা হয় বা করে? এ প্রশ্নের উত্তরে যা পাওয়া যায় তাই Subject

Kinds of Sentence (বাক্যের প্রকারভেদ)

Sentence is of five kinds according to its meaning (অর্থানুসারে বাক্য পাঁচ প্রকার) 
Assertive Sentence (বিবৃতিমূলক)
Interrogative Sentence (প্রশ্নবোধক)
Imperative Sentence (আদেশ বা অনুজ্ঞাসূচক বাক্য)
Optative Sentence (ইচ্ছামূলক বাক্য)
Exclamatory Sentence (আবেগমূলক বাক্য) 
Assertive Sentence এর সংজ্ঞাঃ যে Sentence দ্বারা কোন বিবৃতি, ঘটনা বা মতামত স্বীকার বা অস্বীকার করে তাকে Assertice Sentence বলে। (A Sentence which affairs or denies a Statement, fact or opinion is called assetive Sentence)

He is an honest man. Only Allah can help us.

He is not an honest man.

Assertive Sentence দুই প্রকারঃ-

(i)Affirmative Sentence (ii) Negative Sentence

Affirmative Sentence এর সংজ্ঞাঃ যে বাক্যে হাঁ-বোধক উত্তর দেওয়া হয় তাকে Affirmative Sentence বলে।

He goes to School. He has done the work.

Negative Sentence এর সংজ্ঞাঃ যে বাক্যে না-বোধক উক্তি প্রকাশ পায় তাকে Negative Sentence বলে।

He does not go to School. He has not done the work.

Interrogative Sentene এর সংজ্ঞাঃ যে Sentence দ্বারা কোন প্রশ্ন করা হয়, তাকে  Interrogative Sentence বলে।   (An interrogative Sentence is one which asks a Question)

What are you doing?

Does karim like banana?

Did he not go home yesterday?

Where do you live now?

Imperative Sentence এর সংজ্ঞাঃ যে Sentence দ্বারা আদেশ, উপদেশ, নিষেধ, অনুরোধ ইত্যাদি বোঝায় তাকে Imperative Sentence বলে।

(An Imperative Sentence is a Sentence that indicates a command, a request or an advice)

Read your lessons. Never tell a lie.

Let us Learn English. Let me read the book.

Please give me his address.

Optative Sentence এর সংজ্ঞাঃ যে Sentence দ্বারা মনের ইচ্ছা বা প্রার্থনা প্রকাশ পায় তাকে Optative Sentence বলে।

(An Optative Sentence is one that expresses a wish or a desire)

May you live long.  Long live our country.

May Allah help you.  May god bless you.

Exclamatory Sentence এর সংজ্ঞাঃ যে Sentence দ্বারা মনের একটি আকস্মিক ভাব বা আবেগ প্রকাশ পায় তাকে Exclamatory Sentence বলে।

(An Exclamatory Sentence is a Sentence that indicates an emotion or a strong feeling)

What a beautiful flower it is!

What a fool I am!

Alas! I am Undone, what a nice bird it is!

Hurrah! We have won the game.

How charming the scenery is!

If I were a king!

Structure এর দিক থেকে Sentence তিন প্রকার-

Simple Sentence (সরল বাক্য)

Complex Sentence (জটিল বাক্য)

 Compound Sentence (যৌগিক বাক্য)

Simple Sentence এর সংজ্ঞাঃ যে Sentence এ একটি মাত্র Subject ও একটি মাত্র Finite verb (সমাপিকা ক্রিয়া) থাকে, তাকে Simple Sentence বলে।

(When a Sentence contains one subject and one finite verb, it is called simple sentence)

Simple Sentence চিনিবার উপায়ঃ   (For, Inspite of, instead of, by, being, to, in, lieu of, without, on, in reference to, in association with, in response to, in collaboration with, Too…..to ইত্যাদি)

He is honest inspite of his poverty.

Because of his illness, he could not attend the meeting.

Trina has a friend.

Complex Sentence এর সংজ্ঞাঃ যে Sentence এর একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Sbuordinate Clause থাকে, তাকে Complex Sentence বলে।

(When a Sentence contains one principal clause and one or more than one subordinate clause, it is called Complex Sentence)

Complex Sentence চিনিবার উপায় বা সনাক্ত করার জণ্য কিছু Word আছে, সেগুলো হলোঃ (since, as, because, though, although, who, which, that, when, while, whenever, what, whom, where, hence, whatever, if, how, unless, so that, that, till, until ইত্যাদি)

Although he is rich, he is honest.

He is so weak that he cannot walk.

When he came home, he began to work.

Wait here till my arrival.

Compound Sentence এর সংজ্ঞাঃ যদি কোন Sentence এ একাধিক Principal clause and, but, or, yet, so, therefore ইত্যাদি co-ordinative Conjunction দ্বারা যুক্ত হয় তাকে Compound Sentence বলে।

(When a sentence has more than one principal clause joined together by co-ordinating conjunction it is called compound Sentence)

Compound Sentence চিনিবার জন্য কিছু Word আছে সেগুলো হলোঃ- (and, but, or, yet, both….and, not only--- but also, either—or, neither---nor, otherwise, therefore, on the contrary ইত্যাদি)

He is poor but he is honest

Read or you will fail

We learn not only for the exam but also for the life.

Identify Sentences

Though he is rich, he is unhappy. Complex Sentence.

He ran fast and he won the race. Compound Sentence.

Wait here till my arrival. Complex Sentence.

He is too weak to walk. Simple Sentence.

What a nice bird it is! Exclamatory Sentence.

Wait here till I come. Complex Sentence.

He is an honest man. Assertive Sentence.

Only Allah can help us. Assertive Sentence.

You are a Student. Assertive Sentence.

He Studies Regularly. Assertive Sentence.

Shylock was hated by all because of his being a usurer. Simple Sentence.

He is one of the tallest boys in the class. Simple Sentence.

Does karim like banana? Interrogative Sentence.

What are you doing? Interrogative Sentence.

Make a cup of tea. Imperative Sentence.

Read your lessons. Imperative Sentence.

Let us learn English. Imperative Sentence.

Never tell a lie. Imperative Sentence.

Please give me his address. Imperative Sentence.

May you be happy. Optative Sentence.

Long live our country. Optative Sentence.

May Allah help you. Optative Sentence.

May God bless you. Optative Sentence.

How talkative she is! Exclamatory Sentence.

What a beautiful flower it is! Exclamatory Sentence.

What a fool I am! Exclamatory Sentence.

If I were a king! Exclamatory Sentence.

Alas! I am undone. Exclamatory Sentence.

Hurrah! We have won the game. Exclamatory Sentence.

By telling a lie a man suffers in the long run. Simple Sentence.

He is honest in spite of his poverty. Simple Sentence.

Because of his Illness, he can not walk. Complex Sentence.

He is so weak that he can not walk. Complex Sentence.

If you do not work hard, you won’t shine in life. Complex Sentence.

Though he is rather more of philosopher, he is something of a poet. Complex Sentence.

When he came home, he began to work. Complex Sentence.

Wait here till my arrival. Complex Sentence.

A man who tells a lie suffers in the long run. Complex Sentence.

If you do not mind your work, you will fail. Complex Sentence.

As soon as I entered the class, the bell rang. Complex Sentence.

He is poor but he is honest. Compound Sentence.

Read or you will fail. Compound Sentence.

We learn not only for the exam but also for the life. Compound Sentence.

He could not but laugh. Compound Sentence. 

Md Lokman Hossain

  B.A.(Hon’s) M.A. in English (JU)