Introductory 'It' and 'There'

Introductory 'It' and 'There'

Use of Introductory It

·         # Impersonal  subject- এর ক্ষেত্রে  Introductory  'It' ব্যবহৃত হয়। Introductory  'It'-কে  Preparatory Subject  বলা হয়। It- এর ব্যবহারের কতগুলো নিয়ম-কানুন রয়েছে। নিন্মে সেগুলো উল্লেখ করা হলঃ-

    1.   Preparatory বা Provisional subject রূপে Sentence-এর প্রথম It ব্যবহৃত হয়।একে যখন কোন  Infinitive বা clause অনুসরন করে, তখন একে  Introductory  or Anticipatory  ‘It’  বলা হয়।যেমন-  It is good to walk in the morning.

    2.  কোন  Word বা Phrase- এর উপড় জোর দেওয়ার জন্য  It ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন- It is you who have done it.

    3.      Lower animal  বা ইতর প্রাণীর পরিবর্তে It ব্যবহৃত হয়।যেমন- He has a dog.  It watches his house.

    4.      Little children বা ছোট শিশুদের পরিবর্তে  It ব্যবহৃত হয়।যেমন- The baby is crying for its mother.   It is a nice baby.

    5.    অপ্রাণিবাচক বস্তুর পরিবর্তে It ব্যবহৃত হয়।যেমন- This is a book.  It is very interesting.

    6.      সময়, ঋতু, দূরত্ব, আবহাওয়া ইত্যাদি উল্লেখ করতে ‘to be’ verb- এর subject রূপে It ব্যবহৃত হয়।যেমন-

It is 7`O` clock now.   It is a fine morning.   It rained yesterday.   It is very hot today. It is summer now.

    7.      Impersonal verb –এর subject রূপে It ব্যবহৃত হয়।যেমন- It rains. It dews in winter. It is very hot today.

    8.      পূর্ববর্তী কোন Clause, Phrase বা idea কে বুঝাতে কখনো কখনো  It ব্যবহৃত হয়।যেমন-

Honesty is the best policy, it is known to all.    Politics is a dirty game, it is known to all.

    A.    Now answer the following questions using  Introductory  or Anticipatory  ‘It’ 

   i.    Where is the book?   Ans. It’s on the table.

   ii.   Why is the child crying?  Ans. It’s crying for its mother.

  iii.   What does the cow live on?  Ans.  It lives on grass.

  iv.   What time is it now? Ans. It’s 10 O’ clock now.

   v.    What day is today?  Ans. It’s Sunday today.

   vi.   Who is there?  Ans. It’s my friend.

  vii.    How many years have passed since he came here? He came here ten years.

viii.   When will he come? It’s uncertain when he will come today.

     B.     Use of Preparatory /Introductory ‘It’:

     i.    To swim is a good form of exercise. Ans. It is a good form of exercise to swim.

    ii.   To walk in the morning is good for health. It is good for health to walk in the morning.

  iii.   When he will arrive is unknown. Ans.   It is unknown when he will arrive.

  iv.   Telling a lie is a great sin. Ans. It is a great sin to tell a lie.

    v.    That you are wrong is clear.  Ans.  It is clear that you are wrong.

   vi.    We should obey our parents.  Ans. It is our duty to obey our parents.

   vii.   The rain is falling.  Ans. It is raining.

  viii.  He met at 8 p.m. Ans. It was 8 pm. when he met me.

Uses of Introductory There

    1.  কোন কিছু আছে বা ঘটে প্রথমবার বলতে আমরা সচরাচর ‘There + be’ structure টি ব্যবহার করে থাকি। পরবর্তী noun phrase অনুসারে be এর রূপ হয়। যেমনঃ-There are some eggs in fridge. There was an accident last night.

     2.  A lot of, a number of, plenty of, a pair of many, much, several, more, enough, some এবং সংখ্যার সাথে There ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমনঃ- There is a lot of water in the pond. There is plenty of time.

There was some food for the children.    There are many new buses in this road.

    3.  আমরা there can be, there must be, there should  be, there would be, there must have been, there should have been  ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করে থাকি। যেমনঃ- There can be no doubt about it.

    4.  কোন কিছু আছে বা ঘটে অর্থে© There + be ছাড়াও আমরা There + seem, there + appear  ব্যবহার করে থাকি। যেমনঃ- There seems no doubt about it.  There appeared to be no one who could answer our inquiries.

   5.    To be + something/nothing +Adjective এর সাথে Introductory ‘There’ ব্যবহার হতে পারে। যেমনঃ-

There is something wrong with you.  There is nothing strange here.

    6.    There –এর পর ‘to be’  verb ছাড়াও strong তথা  weak verb ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে। যেমনঃ-

There lived an honest man in our area.   There excited happiness in our family.

   7.  Subject Pronoun না হয়ে noun  হলে দৃষ্টি আকর্ষণের জন্য There- এর পরে এবং subject এর আগে come, go, live ইত্যাদি verb ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে। যেমনঃ-There comes the difficulty. There goes the last train.

   8.    To, at, or in বুঝাতে There ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমনঃ-

My sister lives in Chittagong. I spent the last summer vacation there (=in Chittagong).

Some examples of Introductory ‘There’ in isolated sentences.

1.      There are 7 days in a week.

2.      There are 6 seasons in our country.

3.      There lived a king called Midas.

4.      There came a stranger in the morning.

5.      There are four seasons in a year in Britain.

6.      There is a proverb that one shallow does not make a summer.

7.      How many days are there in a year?

8.       There are 365 days in a year.

9.      Dhaka is a city where there are so many mosques.

10.  There lived a saint named Diogenes.

11.  There is no change of season in Singapore.

12.  ‘‘Is there anybody on the roof’’? The voice shouted.

Exercise     

1.To swim is a good form of exercise.   Ans. It is a good form of exercise to swim.

2.The rain is falling.  Ans. It is raining.

3.Telling a lie is a great sin. Ans.  It is a great sin to tell a lie.

4.The room is comfortable. Ans.  It is comfortable  room.

5.It is 7 o’clock now.

6.That he will come is true.  Ans.  It is true that he will come.

7.That you are wrong is clear.  Ans. It is clear that you are wrong.

8.It has been raining since morning.

9.The book is on the table. Ans.  It is on the table.

10.It is easy to say but difficult to do.

11.It is a great sin to tell a lie.

12.It is necessary to learn English.     

13.To walk in the morning is good for health. Ans. It is good for health to walk in the morning.

14.We should obey our parents.  Ans.  It is our duty to obey our parents.

15.He met at 8 p.m.  Ans.  It was 8 pm. when he met me.

16.It is a fact that he is not honest.

17.It is unknown when he will arrive.

18.The house is small.  Ans.  It is a small house.

19.What time is it now? Ans.  It is 10 o’clock in the morning.

20.We should respect our parents.  Ans. It is our duty to respect our parents.

21.This is a fine morning in winter.  Ans. It is a fine winter morning.

22.It was you who began to quarrel.

23.To do this sum is very hard. Ans. It is very hard to do this sum.

24.I was happy to see you after a long time. Ans. It was happy to see you after a long time.

25.What day is today?  Ans.  It is Sunday.

26.How many days are there in a year?

27.There are 365 days in a year.

28.Dhaka is a city where there are so many mosques.

29.There lives a saint named Diogenes.

30.There is no change of season in Singapore.

31.“Is there anybody on the deck”? The voice shouted.

32.Once upon a time lived a doctor. Ans.  Once upon a time there lived a doctor.

33.How many years are there in a century?

34.There is proverb that man is mortal.

35.There are three babies in that house.

36.If you go there, you can time a lot of troubles.

37.There are 12 months in a year.

38.Bangladesh is a country where there so many rivers.

39.Now there is no chance to get the things.

40.There lived some day laborers.

41.There is a will, there is a way.

42.Once upon a time there lived a king.

43.Is there anybody in the house?

44.There seems no doubt about it.

45.There are seven days in a week.

46.Came a stronger in the morning. Ans.  There came a stronger in the morning.

47.How many seconds are in a minute? Ans.   How many seconds are there in a minute?

48.60 minutes are in an hour. Ans.  There are 60 minutes in an hour.

49. Do you know so many people live in Bangladesh? Ans.  Do you know there are so many people live in

      Bangladesh?

50.Many beautiful seasons are in our country.  Ans.There are many beautiful seasons in our country.

51.Do you think 60 minutes are in an hour? Ans.  Do you think there are 60 minutes in an hour?

52.366 days are in a leap year. Ans.  There are 366 days in a leap year.

53.A lot of money is in his pocket. Ans.  There is a lot of money in his pocket.

54.An old man lived in this village.  Ans.  There lived an old man in this village.

55.The last bell of the school rings.  Ans. There rings the last bell of the school.

Md Lokman Hossain

   B.A.(Hon’s) M.A. in English (JU)